Disruption of meiosis during gametogenesis may result in the formation of chromosomally abnormal gametes. eg nondisjunction which can lead to a numerical chromosomal abnormality such as in down’s syndrome. There is an increase in the likelyhood of chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo after the mother reaches 35 years of age. The ideal maternal age for [...]

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Spermatogenesis is defined as the sequence of events which leads to spermatatozoa (sperms) from primitive germ cells (spermatogonia). Spermatogenesis begins at puberty (roughly 13 to 16 years) and continues well into old age. The primitive germ cells( spermatogonia) remain dormant in the seminiferous tubules until the onset of puberty. With the onset of puberty the [...]

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Semen is the fluid that is ejaculated at the time of orgasm. The average volume of semen per ejaculate is 2.5 to 3.5 mL (after several days of continence). There is a rapid decline in the volume of semen and the sperm count with repeated ejaculation. The semen contains sperms and secretions from the prostate, [...]

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Gametogenesis (also known as gamete formation) is defined as the process of formation and development of specialized generative cells called gametes. The male gamete is the sperm and the female gamete is the oocyte (egg). These are both highly specialized cells. Both male and female gametes have half the number of chromosomes (haploid)than in the [...]

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  Fetal and Neonatal Complications:   1)Congenital abnormalities(malformations)   i) Skeletal/CNS: Neural tube defects excluding anencephaly Anencephaly Microcephaly Caudal regression syndrome Holoprosencephaly   ii) GIT: Duodenal atresia Anorectal atresia Small left colon syndrome   iii) Cardiac: VSD (Ventricular septal defect) ASD (Atrial septal defect) Cardiomegaly Coarctation of the aorta Transposition of the great vessels   [...]

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Incidence and prevalence: Approximately 3% of all pregnancies are affected by diabetes mellitus. Overall there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of type 2 as well as gestational diabetes, especially among Asian women. Gestational diabetes accounts for about 90% of all cases of diabetes in pregnancy, while the remaining 10% are due to [...]

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Definition of Preterm : Pre-term labour is defined as the presence of true labour (Regular painful uterine contractions associated with cervical effacement and dilatation) before the 37th week of pregnancy and after the age of viability of the fetus. Eg 37 weeks and 1 day is not preterm while 36 weeks and 6 days is [...]

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This is a situation where the placenta is not expelled 30 minutes after the birth of the baby. The incidence of retained placenta is about 2% of deliveries. The risk of having a retained placenta is markedly increased (20-fold) if the gestation is< or = 26 weeks gestation. From 26 to 37 weeks it is [...]

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Epidemiology/Causes: a) Age: Obesity can occur at all ages. The incidence of obesity increases with age. Obese infants are more likely to be obese in later life. One-third of obesity in adults has been life long, ie since infancy. Most adipose cells are formed in early life, therefore infants who have more of these cells [...]

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Obesity is on the rise throughout the world. Even though the developed countries are affected more than the developing countries, the developing countries are catching up very fast. Obesity is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The rise in the incidence of obesity is unfortunate, because it is preventable. Numerous complications have been linked [...]

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