Introduction: The introduction of widespread screening for cervical cancer has led to a significant decline in the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. The screening done for cervical cancer is the papanicolaou (Pap) smear. According to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force “The goal of cytological screening in cervical cancer is to sample the transformation [...]

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Part I What is developmental milestones? This is an assessment of what the child is capable of doing with respect to the age of the child. Early childhood development can be divided into four functional skill areas: i) Gross motor. ii) Fine motor and vision iii)Speech, language and hearing iv) Social, emotional ,behaviour. Why should [...]

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If you want to deliver at home, make sure that you have an ambulance and hospital back up. Emergencies can occur at any stage of delivery

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The following groups of women should have annual mammogram screening : a) Women who are at high risk of developing breast cancer. b) Those who have had masectomy (removal of a breast). There is a 10% chance of cancer developing in the other breast, therefore it should be screened annually. c) In women who have [...]

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Screening /early detection of breast cancer reduces the mortality (death rate) from the disease. Numerous mass screening programs have been conducted. Techniques used for early detection of breast cancer include: a) Physical examination (Palpation) by a physician. a) Breast self examination (BSE). c) Imaging. Eg Mammography, thermography etc. Screening programs identify about 10 cases of [...]

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Causes and Pathophysiology: Three basic mechanisms can lead to erectile dysfunction: i)Inability to initiate: This could be endocrinologic ,neurogenic ,or psychogenic ii)Inability to fill: That is arteriogenic iii)Inability to store adequate blood volume in the lacuna : ie venoocclusive Vasculogenic Causes: This will be treated first as it  is the most frequent cause of erectile [...]

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Definition: Erectile dysfunction is defined as the inability to reach erection or sustain it long enough for satisfactory coitus. Another definition is ” Erectile dysfunction is defined as the consistent inability to maintain an erect  penis with sufficient rigidity to allow sexual intercourse. Erectile dysfunction is not considered a normal part of aging process. Types [...]

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The sexual response cycle refers to the normal stages one goes through during sexual intercourse. There are important differences between the sexual response cycle in men and women. This difference is important when counseling individuals with sexual problems. The most important difference in the sexual response between men and women is the longer time taken [...]

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Definition: The word puerperal psychosis should be dropped because of the wide range of presentation of the illness, coupled with the lack of well defined psychotic syndromes specific to the puerperium.   The international classification of diseases (ICD) recommends that psychiatric illnesses occuring soon after birth should be classified according to the predominant clinical feature [...]

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Severe major postnatal depression develops within the first few weeks after delivery. It usually has an insidious onset, unlike puerperal sepsis which has a sudden onset. Incidence: Severe major postnatal depression affects about 3 to 5 % of women delivered. It is more common in women who have undergone stressful childbirth and its aftermath. The [...]

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