1)Natural Menopause Fertility and ovarian mass declines sharply after the age of 35 years. There is depletion of primary follicles (a process that begins before birth) steadily until menopause. The primodial follicles are about 1.5 million at birth. Most of these primodial follicles become atretic. Only about 400 to 400,000 follicles at puberty will progress [...]

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Benefits of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy i) Symptoms of menopause: estrogen therapy is very effective in reducing vasomotor (eg hot flushes)and genitourinary symptoms. For genitourinary symptoms (such as vaginal atrophy), vaginal estrogen is as good as transdermal or oral estrogen. Vasomotor symptoms may be reduced by venlafaxine, 75 to 150mg/d, clonidine 0.1 to 0.2 mg/d or [...]

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Summary of the Physical symptoms of menopause -Tiredness -Hot flushes -Night sweats -Insomnia -Vaginal dryness -Urinary frequency Summary of the Psychological symptoms of menopause -Mood swings -Anxiety -Loss of short-term memory -Lack of concentration -Loss of self-confidence -Depression i) Hot flushes: This is the second most common symptom of menopause (after irregular menses and cessation [...]

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What is menopause? Menopause is the final cessation of menstruation.It can be either a normal part of ageing or as a result of surgical removal of both ovaries. Menopause is derived from two ancient greek words menos (month) and pausos (ending). That is the end of the menstrual cycle which occurs monthly. Menopause does not [...]

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Introduction to hirsutism and virilism Both hirsutism and virilism are caused by either increase in plasma free androgen concentrations or increased tissue sensitivity to androgens. Basically this increase/sensitivity may lead to hirsutism (excessive hair growth) or virilism (marked masculinization). The most important androgen is testosterone and over 50% is produced by the ovaries in women [...]

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It is possible to detect by biochemical tests of the maternal plasma(or amniotic fluid) certain fetal anomalies. In amniocentesis a needle is inserted into the uterus through the abdominal wall of the pregnant mother to obtain amniotic fluid.It is usually carried out after about 14 weeks gestation. There is a small risk to the fetus [...]

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Urine: There is glycosuria due to increased GFR Plasma: i)Total T4* is increased. This is due to increased thyroid binding globulin (TBG). Free T4 usually remains normal ii)Cortisol* is normally increased. Cortisol binding globulin (CBG) is increased ,free cortisol is probably normal. iii)Transferrin or TIBC* (Total iron binding capacity) is increased iv)Iron* is increased v)Alkaline [...]

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This post covers the most important aspects of the health history of a woman. It will be useful to pregnant women as well as medical professionals such as doctors, nurses etc. Questions related to pregnancy Important questions related to pregnancy include: Have you ever been pregnant? How many times have you been pregnant? How many [...]

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i) No menses (Amenorrhoea): This is actually physiological amenorrhoea. It lasts throughout pregnancy. It is due to high levels of oestrogen, progesterone and human chorionic gonadotrophin. There is continued build up of the endometrium to support the developing pregnancy. This build up also averts menses. 2) Breast Tenderness and/or Tingling This usually occurs during the [...]

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Recommendations of the American College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, in agreement with the American Cancer Society and the U.S Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). i)First Screening: This should be done approximately 3 years after first sexual intercourse or by age 21, whichever comes first. ii)Women up to the age of 30- The recommendation for this [...]

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